103份小麦品种（系）抗条锈性和遗传多样性评价及基因检测

【目的】了解小麦品种（系）对条锈病的抗性水平及遗传多样性,掌握条锈病抗性基因的利用情况,为培育和合理利用优良小麦抗条锈病新品种提供理论依据。【方法】选用小麦条锈病流行生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34对103份小麦品种（系）进行苗期抗条锈病分小种鉴定、成株期抗CYR32鉴定,并利用SSR分子标记对其进行遗传多样性分析,进而利用已知小麦抗条锈病基因Yr5、Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr18和Yr26的分子标记进行抗条锈病基因检测。【结果】苗期抗性鉴定表明,103份小麦品种（系）对生理小种CYR32表现为抗病的有20份,占供试材料的19.42%;有34份品种（系）对CYR33表现为抗病,占供试材料的33.01%;36份品种（系）对CYR34表现为抗病,占供试材料的34.95%;仅有郑6辐、宁麦3号、老兰麦、京411、京作278、扬麦158共6个品种对生理小种CYR32、CYR33和CYR34均表现抗病。成株期对CYR32抗性鉴定表明郑州021等55份材料表现为成株期抗性,占供试材料的53.40%。遗传多样性分析表明,103份小麦品种（系）的遗传相似系数变异范围为0.50—0.93,平均值为0.66。103份小麦品种（系）聚类分析可分为3大类,第Ⅰ类包含4个品种,分别为花培112-2、尤皮2号、鲁沾1号和Elkhart;第Ⅱ类包含43个品种（系）,其中来自于同一地区的品种（系）或含系谱来源相同的品种（系）聚在一类,说明小麦品种之间的亲缘关系与品种来源有很大的关系;第Ⅲ大类中具有相同系谱的品种（系）都聚在一个亚类,表明同一地区小麦生产品种选育过程中多数使用了相同或亲缘关系相近的材料,导致小麦育成品种之间遗传关系相近。已知抗病基因检测到含有Yr9、Yr10、Yr18和Yr26特征带的品种（系）分别有15、8、19和1份,未检测到含有Yr5和Yr15阳性条带的品种（系）。【结论】供试小麦品种（系）苗期的抗性水平较低,郑6辐、宁麦3号、老兰麦、京411、京作278、扬麦158这6份品种可能含有未知全生育期抗病基因,适用于品种轮换种植防控小麦条锈病;成株期抗性较好,抗性基因检测Yr18使用频率较高。因此,小麦育种工作应充分利用优质已知抗性基因资源,发掘新抗性材料,培育多基因聚合的持久抗性品种。     

Reproductive ability of triploid ornamental (koi) carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) × goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) hybrids and characteristics of their offspring

The purpose of this study was to investigate reproductive ability of backcross triploid koi (Cyprinus carpio L.) × goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) hybrids. These triploids have been obtained by crossing of F₁ hybrid females producing diploid eggs with males of parental species. Triploid hybrid females, when crossed with goldfish or koi males, produced mostly aneuploid fish with ploidy range from approximately 2.2n–3.2n with a mean value 2.5n; some fish in crosses of triploid females with koi males were tetraploid (4.0n). Since analysed fish had in their genomes one haploid set from parental males, the data indicate that triploid hybrid females mostly produced aneuploid eggs with ploidy range from approximately 1.2n–2.2n and a mean ploidy around 1.5n while some eggs were triploid. Triploid hybrid males were completely sterile and have not released any sperm after hormonal injection. Despite their low viability, some aneuploid fish obtained from triploid hybrid females were raised in indoor recirculating systems until the age of 2 years and their reproductive ability has been evaluated. One aneuploid female with ploidy 2.1n produced larvae with ploidy range from 2.9n to 3.4n with a mean ploidy of 3.1n when crossed with a koi male; about 60% of obtained larvae had ploidy from 3.0n to 3.2n. These data indicate that this female produced mostly eggs with unreduced ploidy level.     

苜蓿青贮乳酸菌的筛选及其对苜蓿青贮发酵的影响

为获得苜蓿青贮用乳酸菌,本研究从苜蓿附生乳酸菌中通过抑菌活性、酸化苜蓿粉及结构性糖代谢中间产物的性能指标筛选优良菌株,并研究其对苜蓿(Medicago sativa)青贮发酵的影响。结果表明,1)筛选到抑菌活性较高、酸化苜蓿粉及结构性糖代谢中间产物综合性能较好的菌株ZZU A341,被鉴定为植物乳杆菌(Lactobacillus plantarum);2)青贮90 d,添加该菌株的处理组pH、氨态氮含量低于添加商业菌株(YX)的处理组,显著低于自然青贮(P<0.05)。综上所述,使用该筛选方法获得的优良乳酸菌可有效改善苜蓿发酵品质。     

Longitudinal identification of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in dairy calves on a farm in Southern Xinjiang,China

Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species responsible for human and animals microsporidiasis. A total of 250 samples were collected weekly from 25 newborn dairy calves of a farm in Southern Xinjiang, China at one to ten weeks of age. Enterocytozoon bieneusi was identified and genotyped by nested PCR amplification and sequencing of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region.The cumulative prevalence of E. bieneusi infection was 100% (25/25), and the average infection was 52.0% (130/250). The highest infection rate was recorded at six weeks of age (92.0%, 23/25), and no infection was observed at one and two weeks of age. Sequencing analysis showed nine E. bieneusi genotypes (J, EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5) were identified. The highest genetic polymorphism was observed at ten weeks of age. Genotype J was the predominant E. bieneusi genotype. Phylogenetic analysis clustered genotype J into Group 2 and other eight genotypes (EbpC, PigEBITS5, CHV4, CHC3, CS-9, KIN-1, CH5, and CAM5), detected in 22 (16.9%, 22/130) samples, into Group 1. Among the genotypes, EbpC, KIN-1, and J have been identified in humans. The highest E. bieneusi infection rate (57.9%, 124/214) was observed in fecal samples with formed feces with no diarrhea (p < 0.01), and high genetic polymorphism was observed in class I fecal samples. The presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi genotypes in dairy calves suggests the possibility of transmitting zoonotic infections to humans. It provides the basic data on dynamic change of E. bieneusi in calves.     

基于图像处理的疏透度测定及结构关系研究

为快速、准确地测定防风林林带疏透度，建立林带疏透度与林带结构因子间的关系模型，为防风林建设及调整提供合理化意见。使用图像处理技术对获取的防风林林带照片进行自动识别，通过Otsu算法自动将树木实体区域和孔隙区域分割，从而测定林带疏透度。并采用相关性分析和逐步线性回归法建立疏透度与林带结构因子间的关系模型。结果表明，采用Otsu算法测定林带疏透度的方法与图像处理软件(Photoshop)测定结果无明显差异，该方法操作简单、效率高，能够快速、准确测定防风林林带疏透度。防风林疏透度与林带行数、棵数、枝下比例、株行距、密度存在显著性相关关系，构建疏透度与林带行数、密度间的关系模型:β=-0.060 1N-0.065 8ρ+0.810 9(R²=0.961 3,P=0.000 29)。根据建立的防风林林带疏透度与林带结构因子间的关系模型，可对防风林的建设提供科学合理化的指导，使其发挥更好的防护效应。     

内蒙古普通菜豆枯萎病病原菌鉴定

<正>普通菜豆(Common bean),俗称芸豆(Kidney bean),为豆科(Fabaceae)菜豆属一年生草本植物,营养丰富,蛋白质含量高,既是蔬菜又是粮食,是重要的农副产品。内蒙古自治区是我国种植普通菜豆的主要地区之一。随着普通菜豆栽培面积以及连作年限不断增加,病虫害问题日益突出,尤其是枯萎病,严重影响了普通菜豆的产量和品质,已成为限制普通菜豆产业可持续发展的主要因素之一。2021年7月,     

Characterization,phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity of Bipolaris setariae associated with brown stripe disease on sugarcane in Yunnan,China

Brown stripe disease is a severe foliar fungal disease of sugarcane worldwide and is widespread in all sugarcane planting areas in China. Brown stripe is a major disease that seriously affects the output and quality of the sugarcane industry in Yunnan Province, China's second-largest sugar base, while the pathogen of this disease remains not yet fully understood. To address this, we isolated and identified the fungi associated with 68 leaf samples showing typical symptoms of brown stripe from 22 sugarcane varieties in different areas of Yunnan Province. A total of 113 isolates were obtained, which were morphologically similar. Of these, 64 representative isolates were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), GAPDH and EF-1α loci. All representative isolates grouped with the type strain of Bipolaris setariae in the phylogenetic trees inferred with individual and concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH and EF1-α. Pathogenicity test results showed that B. setariae strains were able to induce typical symptoms of brown stripe. The results obtained in this study clarify that only B. setariae is associated with sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, China. It is recorded here for the first time as a pathogen causing sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, and it is able to infect many major cultivars and new varieties, posing a new threat to the sugar industry in Yunnan Province. In addition, these results provide the scientific basis for the future breeding of disease-resistant varieties and effective prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.     

多花黄精炭疽病病原菌鉴定

炭疽病是多花黄精最严重的病害之一。本研究从重庆市万州区采集疑似为炭疽病的多花黄精病叶,分离培养获得了培养性状不同的2株炭疽菌,致病性测定表明这2株菌株都可引起多花黄精炭疽病;利用核糖体内转录间隔区(rDNA-ITS)、肌动蛋白(ACT)、几丁质合成酶(CHS-1)和β-微管蛋白(TUB)基因进行多基因系统发育分析,发现这2株菌株分别与松针炭疽菌Colletotrichum fioriniae和博宁炭疽菌C.boninense聚在一起,形成明显分支。结合形态学特点,确定引起多花黄精炭疽病的病原菌为松针炭疽菌C.fioriniae和博宁炭疽菌C.boninense。其中松针炭疽菌C.fioriniae引起黄精炭疽病是首次报道。     

安徽药用牡丹炭疽病病原菌鉴定

<正>牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.)是芍药科植物,为多年生落叶灌木,具有很高的观赏和药用价值。因其风姿华丽、色彩艳丽、品种繁多、深受大家喜爱,是中国传统名花和世界著名花卉之一。其根皮也被称为丹皮,具有抗炎、抑制血小板、止痛、清热等作用,是六味地黄丸等著名中成药的主要配方,也是饮片中的常用品[1-2]。近年来,随着牡丹种植面积的不断扩大,造成牡丹病害的大面积发生,已给牡丹生产带来严重影响。     

棉铃虫围食膜中Bt抗性相关蛋白的分离与鉴定

棉铃虫是世界性的重要农业害虫。围食膜作为昆虫抵御病原微生物入侵及有害物质的第一道天然保护性屏障,其上可能存在与Bt抗性相关的受体蛋白。本研究以Bt Cry1Ac抗性和敏感品系的棉铃虫围食膜为对象,采用NuPAGE电泳技术、配体杂交、质谱鉴定和生物信息学分析等技术,测定了围食膜蛋白含量,鉴定了蛋白质的组成及与Bt Cry1Ac毒素的结合能力。结果表明敏感品系围食膜中蛋白含量为22.19%,抗性品系围食膜中蛋白含量为26.99%。抗、感品系棉铃虫围食膜上存在与Cry1Ac毒素结合的6个差异蛋白,推测其中棉铃虫羧酸酯酶蛋白和血影蛋白是2个有意义的抗性相关蛋白,2个新蛋白可能参与Bt抗性。研究证明棉铃虫围食膜上存在Bt结合蛋白且与抗性相关,为进一步明确Bt抗性机制、制定合理的Bt抗性治理策略提供了理论依据。